Radiology Resources

Radiology is an essential part of today's practice of medicine. The skill of studying and deciphering radiological images can be greatly enhanced by visiting these websites.

Another Good One

Great thinkers have always encountered opposition from mediocre minds.

Albert Einstein

Renal Physiology

Another FREE site developed by medical students which summarizes the important aspects of renal physiology. Covers:

· Renal Handling of Sodium and Potassium

· Urinary Concentration & Dilution

· Diuresis & Diuretics

· Acid-Base Balance

· Divalent Cations

Take the quiz at the end.

Skeleton and Skull Self-Test

For those of you still unsure of the names of all those cracks and holes, here is a self-test.

Whole Brain Atlas

Those of you struggling to conceptualise the brain in three dimensions and to distinguish between T1, T2 and CT scan images, would do well to peruse this web site. Great images and a good place to test your knowledge of normal brain structures as well as abnormal situations. Well worth a visit.

Medical Mnemonics

Generally speaking, I'm not very keen on mnemonics, as I find them rather difficult to remember (unless I think them up myself). This is very much the case with most of the ones on this website .There are a few good ones though and here are my favourites for Neuro and Head and Neck:

ObliqLiques cause lateral rotation of eyeball.

Action of the obliques is opposite to their names. Action of the rectii is rightly fitting to their names.
Both superiors cause intorsion and both inferiors cause extorsion.

Geniculate bodies: paired to respective colliculi SLIM:
Superior colliculi: Lateral geniculate body.
Inferior colliculi: Medial geniculate body.

Geniculate bodies: medial vs. lateral system MALE:
Medial=Auditory. Lateral=Eye.
Medial geniculate body is for auditory system, lateral geniculate body is for visual system.

Spinal tracts: Gracilus vs. Cuneatus: origin from upper vs. lower limbs Gracilus is the name of a muscle in the legs, so Fasciculus Gracilus is for the lower limbs.

Precentral vs. postcentral gyrus: motor vs. sensory Just an extension of the rule that anterior = ventral = efferent = motor.
The precentral gyrus is on the anterior side of the brain, so is therefore motor.

Olivary nuclei: ear vs. eye roles Superior Olivary nucleus: SOund localization.
· Inferior olivary nucleus is therefore the one for sight [tactile, proprioception also].

Pterygoid muscles: function of lateral vs. medial "Look at how your jaw ends up when saying first syllable of 'Lateral' or 'Medial' ":
"La": your jaw is now open, so Lateral opens mouth.
"Me": your jaw is still closed, so medial closes the mandible.

Bifurcation vertebral landmarks · A bifurcation occurs on 4th level of each vertebral column:
C4: bifurcation of common carotid artery
T4: bifurcation of trachea
L4: bifurcation of aorta

Deep tendon reflexes: root supply "1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8":
S1-2: ankle
L3-4: knee
C5-6: biceps, supinator
C7-8: triceps

Eye Simulator

This website is a great way to revise the movements of the eyes and test yourself on cranial nerve lesions. Rather clunky, but it works, provided you have Shockwave installed.